高一英语上学期期中专项突破—完形填空（上海）（含解析）
（2022秋·上海·高一校考期中）China and India are Rebuilding the Green World
Over the last two decades, the Earth has seen an increase in foliage (植物) around the planet, measured in average leaf area per year on plants and trees. Data from NASA satellites (卫星) shows that China and India-two 1 economies with the world’s biggest populations-are 2 the increase in greening on and. The effect comes mostly from 3 tree-planting programs in China and intensive agriculture (精耕细作) in both countries.
Researchers from Boston University found that global green leaf area has increased by five percent since the early 2000s, an area 4 to the entire Amazon rainforest.(亚马逊热带雨林) The study was also published in the journal Nature Sustainability on February 11. It revealed that at least 25 percent of the global plant 5 this century came in China.
“China and India 6 one-third of the greening, but contain only nine percent of the planets land area covered in vegetation,” said lead author Chi Chen of Boston University. “That is a surprising finding, considering the general idea of land degradation (退化) in populous (人口多) countries from 7 .”
China’s 8 contribution to the global greening trend came in large part from programs to protect and expand forests, accounting for about 42 percent of the greening contribution. These programs were developed in an effort to 9 the effects of air pollution, soil erosion and climate change.
Another 32 percent of the greening change in China, and 82 percent in India, resulted from intensive 10 of food crops. The land area used to grow crops in China and India has not changed much since the early 2000s.
1．A．developing B．declining C．stimulating D．fading
2．A．imposing on B．contributing to C．leading to D．creating for
3．A．digital B．extreme C．harmonious D．ambitious
4．A．distant B．equal C．related D．resistant
5．A．expansion B．substitution C．innovation D．correction
6．A．make up B．take in C．stand for D．consist of
7．A．over-reaction B．over-planting. C．over generation D．over-explanation
8．A．considerate B．grateful C．huge D．regular
9．A．forbid B．investigate C．boost D．reduce
10．A．cultivation B．demand C．destruction D．supply
（2022秋·上海徐汇·高一上海市徐汇中学校考期中）People are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are 11 their own health and the well-being of the earth. Based on this trend, eco-communities are being designed with a green 12 in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria, British Columbia is one of them.
If everything goes according to plan, Dockside Green will be a 13 community along the harbor front of British Columbia’s capital city. The community will be home to 2,500 people and will 14 residential, office, and retail space. Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make. They ensure proper ventilation (通风), and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air. Building materials, such as paints and wood, are 15 and non-poisonous. Eco-conscious builders use bamboo wherever possible because it grows fast and does not require 16 to grow.
Energy efficiency is one of the 17 concerns in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green. Not only do energy-efficient appliances and light fixtures (照明设备) reduce the environmental 18 of heating and hot water, but they also save residents and business owners money. Dockside Green claims that homeowners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada. Residents will have individual water metres (水表) 19 studies show that people use around 20% less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use. 20 , water is treated at Dockside Green and reused for flushing toilets.
Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the 21 into consideration. Dockside Green plans on reusing 90% of its construction waste. They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs. This is a great way to reduce 22 .
Dockside residents will be encouraged to take advantage of a mini transport system and buy into the community’s car share program. Finally, plans are underway for a high-tech heating system that will use 23 energy instead of fossil fuels.
Dockside residents will 24 excellent local services with high-quality healthcare, shopping and education at the heart of the community, along with excellent leisure facilities and plentiful green open spaces. Eco-communities will prefer the use of locally-sourced goods and services; they will be 25 places to live, promoting a sense of civic pride, responsibility and, as the name suggests, community.
11．A．ashamed of B．concerned about C．connected with D．proud of
12．A．scene B．memory C．focus D．diet
13．A．harmonious B．digital C．crowded D．self-sufficient
14．A．put aside B．belong to C．consist of D．make up
15．A．natural B．mixed C．historic D．fancy
16．A．animals B．pesticides C．consumers D．conferences
17．A．top B．embarrassing C．global D．questionable
18．A．convenience B．advantage C．protection D．impact
19．A．for fear that B．so that C．because D．although
20．A．However B．In particular C．Therefore D．In addition
21．A．image B．future C．label D．decoration
22．A．emissions B．accidents C．unemployment D．crime
23．A．traditional B．man-made C．renewable D．enough
24．A．result from B．refer to C．contribute to D．benefit from
25．A．desirable B．reliable C．recyclable D．imaginary
（2022秋·上海·高一上海师大附中校考期中）Deliverance(解救) for Delivery Drivers
ZOOOOOOOOM!!! A gust of air, the hum of spinning wheels, and a flash of color whizzing past. I’m sure that we have all stepped into the crosswalk, at one time or another, and experienced this sudden, heart-stopping 26 . I am, of course, referring to delivery drivers 27 through crossroads to deliver takeaway food.
Over the past few years, delivery drivers have been criticized, fined, and even 28 for breaking traffic laws across China. Delivery drivers often 29 red lights, disregard speed limits, and pay little attention to pedestrian crossings. But they also often pay the 30 price — each year, it seems like fatal injuries involving delivery drivers are increasing. 31 , since delivery drivers are usually poorly paid, how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock
Well, it 32 to be a complicated issue. Recently an article titled “Delivery Drivers, Stuck in the System” was shared widely on social media. According to the article, 33 between delivery services Ele.me and Meituan has caused each app to take increasingly extreme measures to out-do(超过) the other. This has included the shortening of delivery time windows. It has been 34 , in part, through a combination of rewards for early delivery and severe punishments for late delivery. Over time, the platforms have only increased these 35 on drivers. As a result, drivers find themselves in a dilemma(左右两难的困境)：break traffic laws or, in some cases, lose hundreds of yuan in earnings for late deliveries.
According to surveys and reactions online, 36 care much whether their deliveries are a few minutes late, while most believe that it is not worth risking someone’s life for. In response, Ele.me and Meituan have added a combination of features to 37 delivery times for slow elevators or bad weather conditions.
Although these new 38 cannot solve the underlying problems of intense competition or the inherent dangers of driving, they should, in some measure, start reducing some of the pressure on drivers. In the meantime, as 39 , we can help to make life for delivery riders safer and easier. 40 , be a considerate person and don’t leave them waiting for too long. If you see a food delivery guy rushing toward you on an escalator or into a door, consider standing back and letting him go first. After all, they are putting their lives on the line just to deliver our food.
26．A．fright B．delight C．pain D．sorrow
27．A．running B．walking C．rushing D．wandering
28．A．arrested B．fired C．blamed D．praised
29．A．destroy B．ignore C．observe D．interrupt
30．A．everlasting B．dramatic C．slight D．final
31．A．However B．Namely C．Indeed D．Surprisingly
32．A．decides B．refuses C．turns out D．takes turns
33．A．comparison B．contrast C．competition D．cooperation
34．A．adapted B．achieved C．adopted D．assumed
35．A．motivations B．advantages C．pressures D．skills
36．A．some B．few C．many D．we
37．A．reduce B．expand C．narrow D．extend
38．A．actions B．behaviors C．features D．conditions
39．A．humans B．consumers C．friends D．taxpayers
40．A．In one word B．As a result C．For example D．On the contrary
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市晋元高级中学校考期中）For people who just can’t seem to pass up the candy in a supermarket checkout line, perhaps grocery shopping online could help reduce these impulse purchases, a new study suggests.
The findings are preliminary (初步的), and more research is needed to confirm the results, but the study suggests that online grocery shopping could help people 41 a healthy diet, said lead study author Jaime Coffino, a public health researcher at the University at Albany, State University of New York.
Previous research shows that people who are more impulsive (冲动的) may be 42 than less impulsive people, Coffino told Live Science. In a grocery store, that impulsiveness could lead to a shopping cart filled with 43 food.
The new study looked at 60 college students who filled out questionnaires that 44 their levels of impulsiveness as well as how they respond to the presence of food. The students were then told they had $48.50 for grocery shopping, and were asked to fill an online shopping cart with “nutritious, 45 and tasty” foods.
When Coffino 46 the nutritional value of all the food in each person’s online shopping cart, she found that there was no link between the foods a person chose and how impulsive the person was.
“It didn’t 47 how impulsive a person was,” Coffino said. “The nutritional 48 didn’t vary.”
Online grocery shopping could one day serve as a type of dietary intervention (饮食干预), Coffino said. Often, when people buy groceries online, they need to search for each item they want, as 49 to strolling through a store and saying, for example, “Oh, those chips look good.” Online, more planning and thought is needed. 50 , online grocery shopping makes people more aware of how much money they’re spending. It could keep them from adding impulsive 51 to their carts, Coffino said.
She noted that the study has 52 — for example, no control group was used — and much more research is needed. Future studies could compare online grocery shopping to in-store grocery shopping, she said.
41．A．count on B．give up C．make up D．stick to
42．A．healthier B．less happy C．less healthy D．stronger
43．A．expensive B．junk C．healthy D．extra
44．A．assessed B．decreased C．proved D．qualified
45．A．costly B．affordable C．beautiful D．rare
46．A．assumed B．calculated C．released D．studied
47．A．imply B．matter C．support D．target
48．A．elements B．instructions C．outcomes D．outlooks
49．A．equal B．expected C．opposed D．related
50．A．By contrast B．However C．In addition D．Therefore
51．A．purchases B．decisions C．materials D．consequences
52．A．limitations B．advantages C．improvements D．characteristics
（2022秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）Experts often tell students to put their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school. But recent research into Nobel Prize winners suggests that wider interests are 53 .
One of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Danish scientist Morten Meldal. When describing his career, Meldal said he 54 as an engineer but changed to chemistry because, he “wanted to understand the world”. Meldal’s experience and the way he sees things may come as a(n) 55 to students. They might believe they have to 56 their work and school lives in one field to be successful. But a study from professors at Michigan State University 57 that belief. They said that many Nobel Prize winners can be described as “polymaths,” those who have many 58 interests in both their work and personal lives.
The professors looked at past Nobel Prize winners and their students. They decided that when 59 of winners go on to win Nobel Prizes, some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests. They are, in a way, learning how to be 60 .
Having many interests 61 scientists to look for innovative ways to address problems. In fact, one important part of science is not discovering answers, but 62 problems that need to be settled. For example, Alexis Carrel won his Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912 by 63 techniques he learned from the clothing business. He realized that people who used thread to make and fix clothing had a skill that could be used in 64 to put new organs into people’s bodies. One winner in medicine — Christiane Nusslein-Volhard — once told young scientists to avoid following the “ 65 ” and move out of their study areas to be independent and original.
66 , the Michigan State professors found that most professionals are not like the prize-winners. The prize-winners are special in that they 67 look for the chances to learn new things, even outside of their jobs.
53．A．scientific B．competing C．essential D．immediate
54．A．started out B．made off C．looked over D．turned aside
55．A．distraction B．surprise C．example D．burden
56．A．ease B．tip C．treat D．center
57．A．exemplified B．confirmed C．edited D．rejected
58．A．diverse B．similar C．mathematical D．peculiar
59．A．teachers B．students C．peers D．children
60．A．creative B．leisure C．academic D．reasonable
61．A．spoils B．pours C．permits D．starves
62．A．abandoning B．recognizing C．capitalizing D．worsening
63．A．shrinking B．tracking C．individualizing D．transferring
64．A．operations B．engines C．clothing D．machinery
65．A．cornerstone B．mainstream C．upkeep D．outflow
66．A．As a result B．On the contrary C．In a row D．At a cost
67．A．unevenly B．fruitlessly C．regularly D．reluctantly
（2022秋·上海·高一华师大二附中校考期中）Researchers continue to show the power behind our sense of smell. Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in 68 on roads.
The review explains that smell is unique in its effect on the 69 . According to Conrad King, the researcher who carried out the review, “more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain and acts on the systems concerned with 70 . This is why the smell of baking bread can 71 the best intentions of one going on a diet.”
Smell, which reveals the unbelievable 72 of food tastes, has always been the least understood of our senses. Our noses are able to detect up to 10,000 73 smells. Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes, which make up an amazing 3% of the human genome (基因组). Researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck were together awarded a Nobel Prize in 2004 for their ground-breaking research on the 74 of this extraordinary sense. These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works.
According to one study in the research review, smelling fresh pizza or even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel 75 with other road users. They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads. The most reasonable explanation is that these can all make drivers feel hungry, and therefore 76 to satisfy their appetites.
77 , the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience. 78 , the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus.
However, the way that genes 79 smell differs from person to person. A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are 80 in some people and not in others. They believe this may 81 why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them. The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a 82 pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors.
68．A．pedestrians B．policemen C．cyclists D．drivers
69．A．emotion B．behavior C．brain D．body
70．A．intelligence B．ability C．thinking D．feelings
71．A．destroy B．decrease C．reveal D．satisfy
72．A．task B．complexity C．influence D．creation
73．A．strange B．peculiar C．distinct D．extinct
74．A．intention B．nature C．creation D．development
75．A．impatient B．amazed C．dissatisfied D．disappointed
76．A．willing B．determined C．desperate D．likely
77．A．In addition B．Without doubt C．To be honest D．In contrast
78．A．Gradually B．Similarly C．Relatively D．Generally
79．A．regulate B．improve C．create D．change
80．A．turned down B．switched on C．approved of D．backed up
81．A．warn B．conceal C．inform D．explain
82．A．different B．clear C．normal D．regular
（2022秋·上海·高一上海中学校考期中）The Greek historian Herodotus is said to have made one of the earliest lists of seven wonders of the world, including the still mysterious accomplishment of ancient horticulture known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. More recent times saw natural 83 to these marvels of classical architecture proposed: waterfalls, mountains, canyons, reefs.
As environmental consciousness has risen in the west, 84 to such sightseeing have changed. Yes, it is thrilling to visit remote forests or spot rare species. 85 , travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive. When flights or long road journeys are involved, 86 can be made more difficult as well as assisted by sightseers. There is a(n) 87 to be struck, and ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising, the harms. Colombia, 88 , recently introduced laws aimed at promoting sustainable tourism
Most of us, in the rich countries where people take most holidays, understand better than ever that there are costs as well as benefits 89 exploring. One of the six promises proposed by an environmental campaign launched last month, The Jump, is to “holiday 90 ”, taking short-distance flights once every three years and long-distance flights very rarely. Fortunately, the UK’s 15 national parks, 86 areas of outstanding natural beauty and countless other landscapes mean that there is no 91 of special places for domestic nature tourists to visit.
One recent survey found that Windsor Great Park and Kew have become Britain’s most 92 attractions. Visitor numbers at wildlife trusts (野生生物托管组织) are high, with waiting lists for beaver-spotting. Some companies that formerly ran foreign trips have 93 to the pandemic by taking people to watch dolphins and other marine life off British coasts instead.
This is not to minimise the destruction of nature that is also 94 . Sewage outflows are out of control due to failed water industry regulation The owners of a popular rewilded estate in West Sussex have waned that plans to build 3,500 homes next to their land would be 95 for the species that live there. But as we confront an environmental emergency that grows ever more dangerous, it is essential to cultivate 96 of nature that surrounds us. In a small way, holiday outings to watch dragonflies, kingfishers (鸟) or seals, or be surrounded by trees that are coming into leaf, could help us to focus on what 97 .
83．A．limits B．offerings C．alternatives D．superiors
84．A．attitudes B．chapters C．bans D．restorations
85．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Consequently D．However
86．A．conservation B．transportation C．admission D．expression
87．A．focus B．threat C．pose D．balance
88．A．in short B．for example C．by contrast D．above all
89．A．compared to B．particular about C．associated with D．distant from
90．A．local B．remote C．noble D．overseas
91．A．paradise B．exhibition C．shortage D．boast
92．A．genuine B．fortunate C．ignorant D．popular
93．A．adapted B．connected C．held D．restored
94．A．concentrating on B．going away C．taking place D．figuring out
95．A．miraculous B．cheerful C．economical D．disastrous
96．A．comfort B．appreciation C．splendor D．behavior
97．A．matters B．debates C．reflects D．approaches
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）The old 1986 truck was a gift from his grandfather. It worked, but it was large and inconvenient. So it was not an ideal vehicle for Ian Cheney’s 98 inner-city neighborhood in New York. Many New Yorkers would look at the truck and think of a rubbish dump. Ian Cheney looked at his grandfather’s truck and thought of a (n) 99 .
As in other large cities, there are not many places to grow food in New York. Yet Cheney wanted a vegetable garden. Many urban farmers in New York have found 100 ways to grow vegetables. There are rooftop gardens high above the city. There are community gardens in old parking lots. There is even a (n) 101 garden in the Hudson River. Cheney, however, didn’t 102 any of these. So the old truck was a (n) 103 solution. The back of the truck provided him with the 104 he needed. “Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food,” Cheney explains. “It seemed like the logical thing to do.”
So Cheney 105 to work. First, he drilled holes in the truck bed for drainage—allowing water to pass through the bed. Then he laid down a recycled plastic mat. The soil came next. He made sure that everything was organic. Cheney 106 organic because he wanted to grow vegetables without chemicals. Then he planted lettuce, herbs, spinach, and tomatoes. Finally, he watered and waited.
When the food was ready to pick, Cheney drove the truck from one urban neighborhood to another. He 107 some of the vegetables. He sold the rest to friends and neighbors. Everywhere he parked, passersby stopped and talked about the beautiful vegetable garden in the back of the truck.
Cheney is 108 about food. He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food, because it reduces economic and environmental 109 . There is also the question of nutrition. Less nutritional benefits of vegetables 110 over time. So eating food within a few days of harvesting is healthier for you.
Cheney knows that his truck cannot solve the problem of the lack of fresh food in all neighborhoods. Yet, like rooftop gardens, it could be part of the solution. Cheney continues to plant his truck and drive it around New York neighborhoods. He hopes that fresh and healthy food can be 111 in more places, including inner-city areas. As Cheney says, “If we can grow food in the back of a 1986 Dodge pickup, we can 112 find better ways to grow more fresh produce.”
98．A．crowded B．plain C．deserted D．breathtaking
99．A．house B．square C．farm D．bank
100．A．creative B．uniform C．regular D．ugly
101．A．floating B．emerging C．rising D．remaining
102．A．have attachment to B．make commitments to C．have access to D．make contributions to
103．A．difficult B．practical C．limited D．common
104．A．tool B．space C．information D．material
105．A．set up B．set off C．set aside D．set out
106．A．recognized B．measured C．commercialized D．preferred
107．A．gave away B．gave up C．gave back D．gave in
108．A．curious B．anxious C．optimistic D．passionate
109．A．consumption B．costs C．advantages D．significance
110．A．change B．decrease C．remain D．adapt
111．A．acceptable B．reasonable C．popular D．available
112．A．logically B．vaguely C．definitely D．randomly
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市进才中学校考期中）Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists have already linked low-cost, 113 foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more 114 into how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health.
What does processed food mean
The researchers created a system that 115 foods into four groups. The system says highly processed foods are made 116 of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can 117 healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt.
What’s wrong with processed foods
Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when 118 mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the 119 subjects were given less processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be 120 .
In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. 121 , a similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death in general.
What is it about processed foods
When given less processed foods, people in the study 122 more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the 123 is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods more quickly.
Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are usually softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might 124 . For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel 125 than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.
What should you eat
Avoiding processed foods can be hard, 126 for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms. In addition, companies continually 127 products to make them seem healthier. The newest studies may provide more reasons to avoid processed foods. But, they also call attention to the difficulty of coming up with ways to do that.
113．A．organic B．delicious C．packaged D．cheap
114．A．inquiries B．insights C．explorations D．reports
115．A．distinguishes B．defines C．classifies D．keeps
116．A．specially B．mostly C．naturally D．technically
117．A．remain B．feel C．become D．appear
118．A．consumed B．forced C．deprived D．fed
119．A．same B．normal C．different D．alternative
120．A．explained B．tracked C．cured D．overlooked
121．A．Meanwhile B．However C．Hence D．Otherwise
122．A．collected B．produced C．absorbed D．relieved
123．A．hunger B．procedure C．reaction D．feedback
124．A．strike a balance B．run a risk C．pose a threat D．make a difference
125．A．ful1 B．content C．starving D．excited
126．A．especially B．generally C．specially D．reasonably
127．A．restructure B．rearrange C．redecorate D．reengineer
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市光明中学校考期中）A screen door (纱门) allows for an open view while at the same time affording a degree of privacy. 128 , communication between parents and their child away at college should have openness in expressing viewpoints but, at the same time, it should demonstrate a respect for privacy. Staying in touch with each other is important because without 129 , there is no connection and worry can take over. All involved should try to be 130 in listening to, understanding and dealing with special concerns or needs that arise whether they be from the student, parents or friends.
For the happy student adjusting well at school, calls to home can be infrequent. This is not necessarily a cause for parents to worry. While parents are naturally 131 about what their child is up to, the majority of students are busy getting 132 to their new home, making new friends and 133 to new schedules and activities. The fact is that without any ill intention on purpose, they can spend little time thinking about home and they may not appreciate the degree of their parents’ 134 curiosity.
For the student who is not adjusting well at school, calls to home will probably be made more 135 . This circumstance can bring a 136 period for both parent and child. For the parents at home, it can be terribly 137 to sense their child is unhappy. It is difficult to judge how we should react to this challenge: as 138 , we want to bring our children home to the safety of our nest; in our parent-teacher role, we want to 139 the ties and allow our child the opportunity to make it on his/her own.
For the student away at school, unhappiness can be lonely and frightening and in some cases, it can lead to depression and illness. There is a sense of 140 for some homesick students who fear that Mom and Dad will 141 their inability to cope with the new environment. This is especially true when the homesick one sees classmates adjusting somewhat effortlessly. No matter what the circumstances are that have created 142 , communication between parent and child must remain open, honest and in balance.
128．A．Relatively B．Contrarily C．Typically D．Similarly
129．A．sacrifice B．privacy C．appreciation D．communication
130．A．sensitive B．confident C．casual D．modest
131．A．uninformed B．curious C．happy D．sensible
132．A．accustomed B．married C．contributed D．appealed
133．A．adding B．referring C．adjusting D．leading
134．A．strange B．increasing C．awakened D．normal
135．A．formally B．frequently C．sincerely D．patiently
136．A．disappointing B．recovering C．challenging D．training
137．A．damaging B．disturbing C．demanding D．exhausting
138．A．protectors B．reminders C．inspectors D．individuals
139．A．maintain B．establish C．restore D．cut
140．A．relief B．responsibility C．achievement D．embarrassment
141．A．get bored with B．get upset with C．be ignorant of D．be honest with
142．A．opportunity B．uncertainty C．unhappiness D．nervousness
（2022秋·上海·高一华东师范大学第一附属中学校考期中）Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming a(n) 143 period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was decisive 144 from parental control; guidance and support needed came from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, 145 , continued connection with a dependence on family, thanks to cell phones, email and social media, have 146 significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a(n) 147 from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, 148 have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and 149 . This process involves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself both 150 and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it 151 to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the 152 world is equally important. Because college community (群里) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of 153 . If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding a(n) 154 within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior 155 another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined (规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to 156 , particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary 157 between safety and self-discovery.
143．A．extended B．critical C．irreversible D．independent
144．A．protection B．distraction C．break D．absence
145．A．however B．therefore C．for example D．above all
146．A．suffered B．increased C．decreased D．persisted
147．A．extension B．substitute C．range D．passage
148．A．parents B．universities C．students D．governments
149．A．demonstration B．frustration C．independence D．experimentation
150．A．intellectually B．psychologically C．strategically D．thoroughly
151．A．efficient B．convenient C．safe D．appealing
152．A．social B．academic C．digital D．complicated
153．A．achievement B．security C．belonging D．responsibility
154．A．occupation B．model C．ideal D．identity
155．A．stands for B．runs and against C．makes up for D．applies to
156．A．stand out B．break down C．cheer up D．set out
157．A．tension B．intention C．confusion D．evaluation
参考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．A 7．B 8．C 9．D 10．A
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了在过去的二十年里，地球上的树叶在增加，中国和印度是该过程的主导者，原因在于中国雄心勃勃的植树计划和两国的集约化农业。
1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：来自美国宇航局卫星的数据显示，中国和印度——世界上人口最多的两个发展中的经济体——正在引领陆地绿化的增长。A. developing发展；B. declining下降。衰退；C. stimulating刺激，激励；D. fading消失。根据上文“China and India”和常识可知，中国和印度是世界上人口最多的两个发展中的经济体。故选A。
2．考查动词短语辨析。句意同上。A. imposing on利用，欺骗；B. contributing to有助于；捐献；C. leading to导致；引起；D. creating for为……创造。根据下文“The effect comes mostly from____3____tree-planting programs in China and intensive agriculture (精耕细作) in both countries.”可知，这两个国家正引领陆地绿化的增长。故选C。
3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这种影响主要来自中国雄心勃勃的植树计划和两国的集约化农业。A. digital数码的；B. extreme极度的；C. harmonious和谐的；D. ambitious有雄心的。根据下文“planting programs in China”并结合事实可知，中国的造林植树计划是雄心勃勃的。故选D。
4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：波士顿大学的研究人员发现，自本世纪初以来，全球绿叶面积增加了5%，相当于整个亚马逊雨林的面积。A. distant遥远的；B. equal相等的；C. related相关的；D. resistant抵抗的。根据上文“global green leaf area has increased by five percent”和“an area ____4____ to the entire Amazon rainforest”可推知，此处通过具体的事物描述全球绿叶面积增加的5%的大小，be equal to是固定短语，意为“等于”，表示相当于整个亚马逊雨林的面积。故选B。
5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它揭示本世纪全球植物增加的至少25%来自中国。A. expansion膨胀；B. substitution代替；C. innovation创新，革新；D. correction改正，修改。根据上文“global green leaf area has increased by five percent since the early 2000s”可知，此处指全球绿植的扩张。故选A。
6．考查动词短语辨析。句意：“中国和印度的绿化面积占全球的三分之一，但植被只占地球陆地面积的9%，”波士顿大学的陈驰(Chi Chen)说。A. make up构成；B. take in吸收，欺骗；C. stand for代表；D. consist of由……组成。根据下文“one-third of the greening”可知，此处描述中国和印度的绿化面积的占比，make up“构成”符合语境，表示占了（全球的）三分之一。故选A。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个令人惊讶的发现，考虑到人口大国因过度开发而导致土地退化的普遍观点。A. over-reaction反应过度；B. over-planting过度种植；C. over-generation过度衍生；D. over-explanation过多解释。根据下文“That is a surprising finding , considering the general notion of land degradation in populous countries”可知，中国和印度的人口众多，因此推断此处表示过渡开发造成土地退化严重。故选B。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：中国对全球绿化趋势的巨大贡献，很大程度上来自于森林保护和扩大，约占全球绿化贡献的42%。A. considerate体贴的；B. grateful感激的；C. huge巨大的；D. regular规则的。根据下文“accounting for about 42 percent of the greening contribution”可知，中国对全球绿化贡献巨大。故选C。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些项目是为了减少空气污染、土壤侵蚀和气候变化的影响而制定的。A. forbid禁止；B. investigate调查；C. boost促进；D. reduce减少。根据下文“the effects of soil erosion, air pollution and climate change”和常识可知，植树能够减少土壤侵蚀、空气污染和气候变化的影响。故选D。
10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：中国和印度分别有32%和82%的绿化变化是由于粮食作物的集约种植。A. cultivation培养，耕作；B. demand要求；C. destruction破坏，毁灭；D. supply供给。根据上文“intensive agriculture in both countries”可知，此处指粮食作物的集约化种植。故选A。
11．B 12．C 13．D 14．C 15．A 16．B 17．A 18．D 19．C 20．D 21．B 22．A 23．C 24．D 25．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个绿色生态社区的构想，它强调绿色能源和能源效率的重要性，为人民带来福祉。
11．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：对于那些关心自身健康和地球福祉的人来说，购买对环境负责的房产是一项不错的投资。A. ashamed of对……感到羞愧；B. concerned about关心，担忧；C. connected with与……连接；D. proud of以……为骄傲。根据上文“Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible”和下文“their own health and the well-being of the earth”可知，此处指“关心”健康的人。故选B。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：基于这一趋势，生态社区的设计以环保为重点。A. scene 现场，场面；B. memory记忆；C. focus重点，关注；D. diet日常饮食。根据“Based on this trend, eco-communities are being designed with a green 　　2　　 in mind.”可知，设计的重点为环保。故选C。
13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果一切按计划进行，“码头绿地”将成为不列颠哥伦比亚省首府海滨的一个自给自足的社区。A. harmonious和谐的；B. digital数字的；C. crowded 拥挤的；D. self-sufficient自给自足的。根据下文“residential, office, and retail space.”可知，这是一个“自给自足的”社区。故选D。
14．考查动词短语辨析。句意：该社区将容纳2500人，包括住宅、办公和零售空间。A. put aside搁置，储蓄；B. belong to属于；C. consist of由……组成；D. make up编造，构成，化妆，和好如初。根据下文“residential, office, and retail space”可知，此处指社区的组成。故选C。
15．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：建筑材料，如油漆和木材，是天然的，无毒的。A. natural自然的；B. mixed混合的；C. historic历史的；D. fancy华丽的。根据下文“non-poisonous”可知，建筑材料是“天然的”。故选A。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：有环保意识的建筑商尽可能使用竹子，因为竹子生长速度快，而且不需要杀虫剂。A. animals动物；B. pesticides农药；C. consumers消费者；D. conferences会议。根据上文“non-poisonous”可知，竹子生长不需要农药。故选B。
17．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：能源效率是Dockside Green等生态社区最关心的问题之一。A. top顶部的，最高的；B. embarrassing令人尴尬的；C. global全球的；D. questionable可疑的，不确定的。根据“in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green.”可知，生态社区最关心的问题之一是能源效率。故选A。
18．考查名词词义辨析。句意：节能电器和灯具不仅减少了供暖和热水对环境的影响，而且还为居民和企业主节省了资金。A. convenience方便，便利；B. advantage 优势；C. protection保护；D. impact撞击，冲击力。根据下文“of heating and hot water, but they also save residents and business owners money. Dockside Green claims that homeowners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada.”并结合常识可知，节能电器能减少供暖和热水对环境产生了影响。故选D。
19．考查原因状语从句。句意：居民们将拥有独立的水表，因为研究表明，当人们按照自己的用水量收费时，他们可以节省大约20%的能源。A. for fear that以免，生怕；B. so that为了……；C. because因为；D. although尽管。根据“ studies show that people use around 20% less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use.”可知，该句是复合句，含because引导的原因状语从句。故选C。
20．考查短语辨析。句意：此外，水经码头绿化处理后再用于冲厕所。A. However然而；B. In particular特别地；C. Therefore因此；D. In addition另外，此外。根据上文“Residents will have individual water metres (水表)”和下文“water is treated at Dockside Green and reused for flushing toilets.”可知，设空处表示一种递进关系，意为“另外，此外”。故选D。
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：像Dockside Green这样的生态社区的规划者必须考虑到未来。A. image形象；B. future未来；C. label标签；D. decoration装饰。根据下文“They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs.”可知，规划者要考虑“未来”。故选B。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是减少排放的好方法。A. emissions排放；B. accidents事故；C. unemployment失业；D. crime罪，犯罪。根据上文的“People are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint.”可知，此处指减少二氧化碳的排放。故选A。
23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最后，一个高科技供暖系统的计划正在进行中，该系统将使用可再生能源代替化石燃料。A. traditional传统的；B. man-made人造的；C. renewable可再生的，可延期的；D. enough足够的。根据“instead of fossil fuels.”可知，这里指利用“再生资源”代替化石原料。故选C。
24．考查动词短语辨析。句意：码头居民将受益于优质的当地服务，包括社区中心的高质量医疗保健、购物和教育，以及一流的休闲设施和丰富的绿色开放空间。A. result from起因是；B. refer to提到，谈到，涉及，参考；C. contribute to有助于，促成；D. benefit from从中获益。根据下文“excellent local services with high-quality healthcare, shopping and education at the heart of the community, along with excellent leisure facilities and plentiful green open spaces.”可知，居民从优质服务中“获益”。故选D。
25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：生态社区将更倾向于使用本地采购的商品和服务;它们将是理想的居住地，促进公民自豪感、责任感，以及顾名思义的社区意识。A. desirable令人人向往的；B. reliable可靠的；C. recyclable可回收利用的；D. imaginary想象的，虚构的。根据下文“promoting a sense of civic pride, responsibility and, as the name suggests, community”可知，这是令人向往的居住地。故选A。
26．A 27．C 28．A 29．B 30．B 31．A 32．C 33．C 34．B 35．C 36．B 37．D 38．C 39．B 40．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章分析外卖员快速行驶，闯红灯等的现象，呼吁外卖公司和顾客多站在他们安全角度，做些措施减少他们压力。
26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我敢肯定，我们都曾一度踏入人行横道，经历过这种突如其来的、令人心跳停止的恐惧。A. fright惊吓；B. delight喜悦；C. pain疼痛；D. sorrow悲伤。由前文“heart-stopping”以及语境可知，突如其来的车是一个让人停止心跳的“惊吓”。故选A项。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当然，我指的是外卖员匆匆穿过十字路口，送外卖。A. running跑；B. walking走；C. rushing冲；D. wandering徘徊。由前文“a flash of color whizzing past”可知，外卖员是匆匆地“冲”过十字路口。故选C项。
28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在过去几年中，外卖员因违反中国各地的交通法规而受到批评、罚款，甚至被捕。A. arrested逮捕；B. fired解雇；C. blamed指责；D. praised称赞。由后文 “breaking traffic laws”可知，违反法律，所以他们可能被“逮捕”。故选A项。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：外卖员常常无视红灯，无视速度限制，也很少注意人行横道。A. destroy摧毁；B. ignore忽略；C. observe观察；D. interrupt打断。由前文“breaking traffic laws ”可知，他们可能“忽略”红灯而直接闯过去。故选B项。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但他们也经常付出巨大的代价——每年，外卖员的致命伤害似乎都在增加。A. everlasting永远的；B. dramatic戏剧性的，巨大的；C. slight轻微的；D. final最终的。由后文“it seems like fatal injuries involving delivery drivers are increasing”可知，这代价是“巨大的”。故选B项。
31．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，由于外卖员的工资通常很低，他们真的应该为争分夺秒而受到多少责备？A. However然而；B. Namely即,也就是；C. Indeed的确；D. Surprisingly令人惊讶地。由后文“how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock ”以及后文语境可知，虽然外卖员做了很多不顾自己和路人安全的事，“然而”，这并不完全是他们的责任。故选A项。
32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实证明，这结果是一个复杂的问题。A. decides决定；B. refuses拒绝；C. turns out结果是；D. takes turns轮流进行。由前文“how much blame do they really deserve for running against the clock ”可知，针对这个问题，研究表明这“结果是”复杂问题。故选C项。
33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：文章称，外卖服务饿了么和美团之间的竞争导致每一款应用都采取了越来越极端的措施来超越其他应用。A. comparison.比较；B. contrast对比；C. competition竞争；D. cooperation合作。由后文“take increasingly extreme measures to out-do the other”可知，是“竞争”导致外卖平台不断想超越对方。故选C项。
34．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这在一定程度上是通过对提前交付的奖励和对延迟交付的严厉惩罚相结合的方式实现的。A. adapted.改编；B. achieved实现；C. adopted采用；D. assumed假定。由前文“This has included the shortening of delivery time windows.”以及语境可知，根据外卖员现状来看，通过压迫外卖员而缩短送货时间这目的是“实现”了的。故选B项。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，这些平台只会增加驾驶员的压力。A. motivations动机；B. advantages优点；C. pressures压力；D. skills技能。由前文“This has included the shortening of delivery time windows.”可知，平台把“压力”施加给外卖员了。故选C项。
36．考查代词词义辨析。句意：根据网上的调查和反应，很少有人关心他们的送货是否晚了几分钟，而大多数人认为这不值得冒生命危险。A. some一些；B. few很少；C. many许多；D. we我们。由后文“while most believe that it is not worth risking someone’s life for.”以及其中while表转折可知，“很少”顾客在意晚几分钟。故选B项。
37．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为回应，饿了么和美团增加了一系列特点，以延长慢电梯或恶劣天气条件下的交付时间。A. reduce减少；B. expand展开；C. narrow 使...变窄；D. extend延长。由“ In response”可知，外卖平台也采取了措施改善外卖员现状，比如特殊情况“延长”配送时间。故选D项。
38．考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管这些新特点不能解决激烈竞争的潜在问题或驾驶的固有危险，但在某种程度上，它们应该开始减轻外卖员的一些压力。A. actions行动；B. behaviors行为；C. features特征，特点；D. conditions条件。由上文“Ele.me and Meituan have added a combination of features”可知，这里指上面的这些新“特点”。故选C项。
39．考查介词词组辨析。句意：与此同时，作为消费者，我们可以帮助外卖骑手的生活更安全、更轻松。A. humans人类；B. consumers消费者；C. friends朋友；D. taxpayers纳税人。由后文“deliver our food”可知，这里作者讲我们作为“消费者”应该怎么做。故选B项。
40．考查词义辨析。句意：例如，做一个体贴的人，不要让他们等太久。A. In one word总之；B. As a result因此；C. For example例如；D. On the contrary相反地。由后文“ be a considerate person and don’t leave them waiting for too long. ”可知，作者这里在“举例”说明我们作为消费者可以做什么事减少外卖员压力。故选C项。
41．D 42．C 43．B 44．A 45．B 46．B 47．B 48．C 49．C 50．C 51．A 52．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了网上购物可以帮助人们减少冲动购买。
41．考查动词短语辨析。句意：该研究的主要作者、纽约州立大学奥尔巴尼大学的公共卫生研究员杰米·科菲诺表示，这一发现尚属初步，需要更多的研究来证实这一结果，但该研究表明，网上购物可以帮助人们坚持健康饮食。A. count on指望；B. give up放弃；C. make up构成；D. stick to坚持。由上文的“For people who just can’t seem to pass up the candy in a supermarket checkout line, perhaps grocery shopping online could help reduce these impulse purchases, a new study suggests. (一项新的研究表明，对于那些在超市结账排队时似乎不会放弃糖果的人来说，也许网上购物可以帮助他们减少冲动购买)”可知，网上购物可以帮助人们减少冲动购买，买合适的食物，坚持健康的饮食。故选D项。
42．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科菲诺告诉《现场科学》，先前的研究表明，更冲动的人可能没有不那么冲动的人健康。A. healthier更健康的；B. less happy不太快乐的；C. less healthy不太健康的；D. stronger强壮的。由上文的“For people who just can’t seem to pass up the candy in a supermarket checkout line, perhaps grocery shopping online could help reduce these impulse purchases, a new study suggests. (一项新的研究表明，对于那些在超市结账排队时似乎不会放弃糖果的人来说，也许网上购物可以帮助他们减少冲动购买)”可知，冲动购买的人会多买东西，买的多就会吃得多，可得出冲动购买人群没有不冲动购买人群健康。故选C项。
43．考查形容词或名词词义辨析。句意：在杂货店，这种冲动可能会导致购物车装满垃圾食品。A. expensive昂贵的；B. junk无用的东西；C. healthy健康的；D. extra额外的。由上文的“For people who just can’t seem to pass up the candy in a supermarket checkout line, perhaps grocery shopping online could help reduce these impulse purchases, a new study suggests. (一项新的研究表明，对于那些在超市结账排队时似乎不会放弃糖果的人来说，也许网上购物可以帮助他们减少冲动购买)”可知，冲动购买人群会多买糖果之类的垃圾食品，junk food (垃圾食品)。故选B项。
44．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项新研究对60名大学生进行了调查，他们填写了问卷，评估了他们的冲动购买程度以及对食物的反应。A. assessed评估；B. decreased减少；C. proved证明；D. qualified取得资格。由下文的“their levels of impulsiveness as well as how they respond to the presence of food”可知，调查问卷内容是评估研究对象的冲动购买程度以及对食物的反应。故选A项。
45．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然后，学生们被告知他们有48.50美元用于购买食品杂货，并被要求在网上购物车中装满“营养丰富、价格合理且美味”的食物。A. costly昂贵的；B. affordable买得起的、价格合理的；C. beautiful美丽的；D. rare稀有的。由上文的“they had $48.50 for grocery shopping”可知，规定研究对象用48.50美元买营养丰富、美味的食物，当然要价格合理。故选B项。
46．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当科菲诺计算每个人的网上购物车中所有食物的营养价值时，她发现一个人选择的食物和他有多冲动之间没有联系。A. assumed认为；B. calculated计算；C. released释放；D. studied研究。由下文的“the nutritional value of all the food”可知，上文要求研究对象买营养丰富的食物，此处应该是计算每个人的网上购物车中所有食物的营养价值。故选B项。
47．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科菲诺说：“它与一个人有多冲动无关。”A. imply意味着、暗示；B. matter事关紧要；C. support支持；D. target面向。由上文的“there was no link between the foods a person chose and how impulsive the person was (一个人选择的食物和他有多冲动之间没有联系)”可知，一个人买多少食物与他有多大的购物冲动无关。故选B项。
48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：营养结果没有变化。A. elements要素；B. instructions用法说明；C. outcomes结果；D. outlooks见解。由上文的““nutritious, 　　5　　 and tasty” foods”可知，上文要求研究对象买营养丰富、价格合理且美味的食物，可得出研究对象会按要求购买营养的食物，所以营养结果是没有变化的。故选C项。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通常，当人们在网上购买食品杂货时，他们需要搜索他们想要的每一件商品，而不是在商店里闲逛，比如说，“哦，那些薯条看起来不错。”A. equal相同的；B. expected预料的；C. opposed截然不同的；D. related相关的。由上文的“when people buy groceries online, they need to search for each item they want (当人们在网上购买食品杂货时，他们需要搜索他们想要的每一件商品)”和下文的“strolling through a store and saying, for example, “Oh, those chips look good.” (在商店里闲逛，比如说，“哦，那些薯条看起来不错。”)”可知，这是相反的两种做法，as opposed to (而不是、与……截然相反)。故选C项。
50．考查介词短语或副词词义辨析。句意：此外，网上购物让人们更清楚自己花了多少钱。A. By contrast相比之下；B. However然而；C. In addition此外；D. Therefore因此。由上文的“when people buy groceries online, they need to search for each item they want (当人们在网上购买食品杂货时，他们需要搜索他们想要的每一件商品)”和“Online, more planning and thought is needed.(在网上，需要更多的计划和思考)”可知，该空所在句承接上文讲网购的另一特殊之处——它让人们更清楚自己花了多少钱。故选C项。
51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：科菲诺说，这可以防止他们在购物车上增加冲动购买。A. purchases购买的东西；B. decisions决定；C. materials材料；D. consequences结果。由上文的“grocery shopping online could help reduce these impulse purchases (网上购物可以帮助他们减少冲动购买)”可知，网购有助于人们减少冲动购买，即阻止人们增加冲动购买。故选A项。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她指出，这项研究有局限性，例如，没有使用对照组，需要更多的研究。A. limitations缺陷；B. advantages优势；C. improvements改善；D. characteristics特征。由下文的“for example, no control group was used — and much more research is needed (例如，没有使用对照组，需要更多的研究)”可知，这项研究有局限性。故选A项。
53．C 54．A 55．B 56．D 57．D 58．A 59．B 60．A 61．C 62．B 63．D 64．A 65．B 66．B 67．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，研究表明，诺贝尔奖经常颁发给有创造力的思考者，而不是专家。
53．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但最近对诺贝尔奖得主的研究表明，更广泛的兴趣是非常重要的。A. scientific科学的；B. competing相互竞争的；C. essential非常重要的，必不可少的；D. immediate立刻的，即时的。根据语境及下文“some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests(他们从老师那里学到的一些东西是如何带着许多兴趣去生活)”可知，很多诺贝奖得主的学生从老师那里学到的是要有广泛的兴趣，所以此处指拥有广泛的兴趣很重要，故选C。
54．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在描述他的职业生涯时，Meldal说，他最初是一名工程师，但后来转向化学，因为他“想了解世界”。A. started out起初是，从……开始；B. made off匆忙离开；C. looked over检查，浏览；D. turned aside避开，转过脸。根据“but changed to chemistry”可知，Meldal说最初是一名工程师，但后来转向化学，故选A。
55．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Meldal的经历和他看待事物的方式可能会让学生们感到惊讶。A. distraction干扰，使人分心的事物；B. surprise惊讶；C. example例子；D. burden负担。根据上文对Meldal专业的描述及下文“They might believe they have to ___4___ their work and school lives in one field to be successful.”可知，学生们可能认为集中注意力于一个专业才会成功，但是Meldal从工程师转向了化学，所以Meldal的经历会让他们感到惊讶。故选B。
56．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们可能认为他们必须把工作和学校生活集中在一个领域才能成功。A. ease减轻，缓和；B. tip（使）倾泻，倒出；C. treat对待，治疗；D. center集中，使聚集在一起。根据文章首句“Experts often tell students to put their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school.(专家们经常告诉学生们，要想毕业后找到工作，就要把精力集中在单一的领域)”及语境可知，学生们可能认为要把精力集中在一个领域才能获得成功，故选D。
57．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但密歇根州立大学教授的一项研究否定了这一观点。A. exemplified举例说明；B. confirmed证实；C. edited编辑，校订；D. rejected拒绝，否决。结合转折词“But”及下文“those who have many ___6___ interests in both their work and personal lives”可知，研究表明，诺贝尔奖获得主有很多兴趣，所以此处指这项研究否定了上文提到的集中精力于一个领域的观念，故选D。
58．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们说，许多诺贝尔奖得主都可以被称为“博学多才”，他们在工作和个人生活中都有许多不同的兴趣。A. diverse不同的，各种各样的；B. similar类似的；C. mathematical有关数学的；D. peculiar奇怪的，怪异的。根据“polymaths”及语境可知，许多诺贝尔奖得主有很多不同的兴趣，故选A。
59．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们判定，当获奖者的学生后来获得诺贝尔奖时，他们从老师那里学到的一些东西就是如何带着多种兴趣生活。A. teachers老师；B. students学生；C. peers同龄人；D. children孩子。根据“some of what they learned from their teachers”可知，此处指获奖者的学生，故选B。
60．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，他们正在学习如何变得富有创造力。A. creative创造性的；B. leisure空闲的；C. academic学业的，学术的；D. reasonable合理的。根据下文“look for innovative ways to address problems(寻找解决问题的创新方法)”可知，此处指学习如何变得富有创造力，故选A。
61．考查动词词义辨析。句意：兴趣广泛使科学家能够寻找解决问题的创新方法。A. spoils破坏，糟蹋；B. pours倾倒；C. permits许可，使成为可能；D. starves挨饿。根据语境及下文的举例可知，兴趣广泛使使科学家能够寻找解决问题的创新方法，permit符合语境。故选C。
62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，科学的一个重要部分不是发现答案，而是认识到需要解决的问题。A. abandoning抛弃，遗弃；B. recognizing识别，辨认出；C. capitalizing资本化，为……提供资本；D. worsening（使）变得更糟。根据“one important part of science is not discovering answers”可知，科学的一个重要部分不是发现答案，而是发现需要解决的问题，故选B。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，Alexis Carrel通过将他从服装业学到的技术进行转移，在1912年获得了诺贝尔医学奖。A. shrinking（使）缩小，减少；B. tracking追踪；C. individualizing（使）个性化；D. transferring（使）转移，转化。根据下文描述的将缝制衣服的技巧用于医疗手术中可知，此处指将从服装业学到的技术进行转移，故选D。
64．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他意识到，那些用线制作和固定衣服的人拥有一种技能，可以在手术中用于将新器官植入人的身体。A. operations手术；B. engines发动机；C. clothing服装；D. machinery机器。根据“to put new organs into people’s bodies”可知，此处指在手术中用于将新器官植入人的身体，故选A。
65．考查名词词义辨析。句意：医学领域的一位获奖者Christiane Nusslein-Volhard曾告诉年轻的科学家们，要避免追随“主流”，走出自己的研究领域，保持独立和原创。A. cornerstone基石，支柱；B. mainstream主流；C. upkeep维修，保养；D. outflow流出量。根据“move out of their study areas to be independent and original”及上文提到的创新可知，此处指避免跟随主流，故选B。
66．考查固定短语辨析。句意：相反，密歇根州立大学的教授们发现，大多数专业人士并不像得奖者那样。A. As a result因此；B. On the contrary相反；C. In a row 连续几次地；D. At a cost按成本，造价为。上一段提到诺贝尔奖得主能够创新地解决问题，根据空后“the Michigan State professors found that most professionals are not like the prize- winners”可知，此处指相反，大多数专业人士并不像得奖者那样，故选B。
67．考查副词词义辨析。句意：获奖者的特殊之处在于，他们经常寻找学习新事物的机会，即使是在工作之外。A. unevenly不均衡地；B. fruitlessly无益地，徒劳地；C. regularly频繁地，经常地；D. reluctantly不情愿地。根据上文内容可知，诺贝尔奖得主经常寻找学习新事物的机会，即使是在工作之外，故选C。
68．D 69．C 70．D 71．A 72．B 73．C 74．B 75．A 76．C 77．D 78．B 79．A 80．B 81．D 82．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了人类嗅觉的巨大能量及其对我们的影响。
68．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的研究发现，除其他外，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒。A. pedestrians行人；B. policemen警察；C. cyclists骑自行车的人；D. drivers司机。根据下文“even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel ____8____ with other road users”可知，文章主要说明食物气味对司机的影响，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒。故选D。
69．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这篇综述解释说，气味对大脑的影响是独一无二的。A. emotion情绪；B. behavior行为；C. brain大脑；D. body身体。根据下文“more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain”可知，气味对大脑的影响是独一无二的。故选C。
70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据研究人员Conrad King的说法，与其他感官相比，嗅觉通过大脑的逻辑部分，作用于与情感有关的系统。A. intelligence智力；B. ability能力；C. thinking思考；D. feelings情感。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”可知，食物的气味会造成情绪的变化。故选D。
71．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么烤面包的味道会破坏一个人节食的最佳计划。A. destroy破坏；B. decrease减少；C. reveal揭示；D. satisfy满足。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”可知，食物气味造成的情绪是“无法控制的愤怒”，所以对人们的节食造成破坏。故选A。
72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：嗅觉揭示了食物味道令人难以置信的复杂性，它一直是我们最不了解的感官。A. task任务；B. complexity复杂性；C. influence影响；D. creation创造。根据下文“10,000 ____6____ smells”可知，有一万多种嗅觉，可得出嗅觉揭示了食物味道令人难以置信的复杂性。故选B。
73．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的鼻子能嗅出多达1万种不同的气味。A. strange奇怪的；B. peculiar奇怪的；C. distinct不同的；D. extinct灭绝的。根据上文“10,000”和下文的“this extremely large range of smells”可知，此处表示“1万种不同的气味”。故选C。
74．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员Richard Axel和Linda Buck因对这种特殊感觉的本质进行了开创性的研究，于2004年共同获得了诺贝尔奖。A. intention目的，意图；B. nature本质；C. creation创造；D. development发展。根据下文“These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works(这两位科学家首次描述了1000个嗅觉基因家族，并解释了我们的嗅觉系统是如何工作的)”可知，此处表示“研究人员Richard Axel和Linda Buck因对这种特殊感觉的本质进行了开创性的研究”。故选B。
75．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据研究综述中的一项研究，闻到新鲜的披萨甚至快餐的包装都足以让司机对其他道路使用者感到不耐烦。A. impatient不耐烦的；B. amazed惊奇的，惊讶的；C. dissatisfied不满意的；D. disappointed失望的。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”和下文“They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads”可知，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒，可得出闻到新鲜的披萨甚至快餐的包装都足以让司机对其他道路使用者感到不耐烦，呼应下文“drivers’ impatience”。故选A。
76．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最合理的解释是，这些都能让司机感到饥饿，因此不顾一切地满足他们的胃口。A. willing愿意的；B. determined下定决心的；C. desperate不顾一切的、渴望的；D. likely可能的。根据上文“make drivers feel hungry”可知，此处表示“不顾一切地满足他们的胃口”。故选C。
77．考查固定短语辨析。句意：相比之下，薄荷和肉桂的气味被证明可以提高注意力水平，并减少司机的不耐烦。A. In addition另外；B. Without doubt毫无疑问；C. To be honest老实说；D. In contrast相比之下。根据下文“the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience”可知，与新鲜的披萨甚至快餐相比，薄荷和肉桂的气味被证明可以提高注意力水平，并减少司机的不耐烦。故选D。
78．考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，柠檬和咖啡的气味似乎能促进清晰的思维和精神集中。A. Gradually逐渐；B. Similarly同样；C. Relatively相当地，相对地；D. Generally通常，普遍地。根据下文“the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus”和上文“the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience”可知，本段主要通过两个例子说明产生积极影响的气味，该句与上句形成并列关系。故选B。
79．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，基因调节气味的方式因人而异。A. regulate调节；B. improve提高；C. create创造；D. change改变。根据上文“Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes(我们的嗅觉和味觉是由1000个基因控制的)”可知，基因可以调节气味，其方式因人而异。故选A。
80．考查动词短语辨析。句意：以色列研究人员的一项研究发现，至少有50个嗅觉基因在一些人身上启动，而在另一些人身上没有。A. turned down关小；B. switched on启动；C. approved of同意；D. backed up支持。根据下文“They believe this may ____14____ why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，然而一些人不喜欢它们，说明至少有50个嗅觉基因在一些人身上启动，而在另一些人身上没有。故选B。
81．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们认为这可以解释为什么有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，而有些人讨厌它们。A. warn警告；B. conceal隐藏；C. inform告知；D. explain解释。根据上文“A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are ____13____ in some people and not in others”和下文“why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，上下文是因果关系，上文内容可以解释下文的现象。故选D。
82．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：以色列的研究人员说，他们的研究表明，几乎每个人都表现出不同的活跃和不活跃的嗅觉感受器模式。A. different不同的；B. clear清楚的；C. normal正常的；D. regular有规律的。根据上文“some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，然而一些人不喜欢它们，说明几乎每个人都表现出不同的活跃和不活跃的嗅觉感受器模式。故选A。
83．C 84．A 85．D 86．A 87．D 88．B 89．C 90．A 91．C 92．D 93．A 94．C 95．D 96．B 97．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了保护环境，人们可以短途旅游或者在假期就欣赏周围的环境也是不错的。
83．考查名词词义辨析。句意：近年来，人们看到了替代这些经典建筑奇迹的自然景观：瀑布、山脉、峡谷和珊瑚礁。A. limits限制；B. offerings作品；C. alternatives可供选择的事物；D. superiors上级。根据下文所举例子“waterfalls, mountains, canyons, reefs”可知，这是可以替代经典建筑奇迹的自然景观。故选C。
84．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着西方环境意识的增强，人们对这种观光的态度也发生了变化。A. attitudes态度；B. chapters章；C. bans禁令；D. restorations修复。根据下文内容可知，作者觉得人们现在更注意环保，所以是对观光旅游的态度发生了变化。故选A。
85．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，当涉及到飞行或长途公路旅行时，前往遥远的目的地旅行是碳密集型的，而保护工作可能会变得更加困难，同时也需要游客的帮助。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. Consequently因此；D. However然而。上文“it is thrilling to visit remote forests or spot rare species”和下文“travelling to faraway